Building the Mulberry Harbour, London Docks

Frances Macdonald was a British designer and painter active in the Arts and Crafts movement and Scottish Symbolism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Working primarily in watercolor, metalwork, and decorative design, she developed a distinctive visual language combining organic forms with geometric precision. Her work was exhibited at major European salons and influenced the development of modern design in Glasgow and beyond. She collaborated extensively with her sister Margaret and her husband Charles Rennie Mackintosh, though her independent practice remains less documented than her collaborative output.