Moulins de Montmartre (Percement de la rue Tholozé) from the portfolio Bayard: XXV Calotypes, 1842-1850

Hippolyte Bayard was a French inventor and photographer whose direct positive printing process, developed in 1839, produced images on paper without a negative intermediate. Working in daguerreotype and salt print techniques, he created some of the earliest photographic portraits and still lifes in Europe, establishing a parallel practice to Louis Daguerre's concurrent innovations. His self-portrait as a drowned man, made around 1840, remains one of the medium's first staged conceptual works. Bayard's technical contributions and artistic experiments were largely overshadowed by state patronage of the daguerreotype, yet his work established foundational methods for direct positive photography that influenced decades of practice.

Breteuil, France